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Note the differences in the following examples. Book titles are not surrounded by quotation marks, but periodicals (including newspapers) are. For example, MLA and CMOS use quotation marks around titles of articles within books, but APA does not. Authors with disciplines in the social and behavioral sciences usually use the American Psychological Association ( APA) style guide, and writers in the biological sciences and engineering fields refer to the Council of Science Editors ( CSE) handbook. Papers written for the liberal arts or humanities follow the style set by the Modern Language Association ( MLA). Related: Confused about the use of punctuations in a research paper? Check out these posts now! Quotation Marks in Reference Listsĭifferent style guides have different protocols for using quotation marks in reference lists.
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Note that, in keeping with the American English style, not only is the new term in double quotes, but the comma is inside the quotation marks. Quotation marks are also used to call attention to new words or phrases, which is particularly useful in science and technical writing, such as in the following sentence: One of the several branches of zoology, “ichthyology,” concentrates on the study of fish. In a story that includes conversations among the characters, quotation marks distinguish their words from those of the author.
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For example, if you are inserting a direct quote into your writing, it is important to ensure that the reader understands that those words are not yours. Regardless of which style guide you use or which side of the Atlantic you are on, there is an agreement about the specific rules for using quotation marks in your text. Changes to the correct forms can easily be made in your computer’s word-processing program. In addition, single straight quotes are often used as prime marks as the symbol in measurements, such as feet and arcminutes and in mathematics, as in x’y’ however, this is not the correct usage-the prime symbol (ʹ) should be used instead. Smart quotes should not be confused with straight quotes (“), which is the computer’s default form.
PROFESSIONAL QUOTES DATABASE MANUAL
According to the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), quotation marks that are often called “curly” or “smart” quotes, are used in most published text and are meant to match its typeface. How do quotation marks look-what’s the typeface? In scientific writing, this is important because it can distinguish a quotation mark from a prime mark, which is used often in genetics and other physical-science disciplines.